For the EU, combating climate change is one of the most important policy objectives. The state aid system contributes to achieving the ambitious energy and climate targets by 2030 and 2050 respectively. As this phase-out of fossil fuels strongly impacts society and economy it is necessary to consider the macroeconomic effects in detail. A fair competition is the prerequisite for ensuring a just distribution because climate and energy transition is not primarily a technical issue, but above all a social challenge.